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Indirect/Outside Research

 
 

These peer-reviewed articles examine the effectiveness of Lindamood-Bell instruction and are published in scientific journals. Lindamood-Bell sensory-cognitive instruction was used as the intervention for the studies listed.

Below, you will find information on these research articles including references, abstracts, links to the articles in their entirety, and more.

Please email support.rd@lindamoodbell.com for assistance accessing any of the research on our website. The R&D Department also welcomes any further questions or comments.

The Virtuous Cycle between Education and Neuroscience

Educational neuroscience was born out of the promise that brain imaging would generate discoveries that change how we educate our children. Many neuro-scientists and educators alike feel that this promise has not been fulfilled and have begun to question the utility of this nascent field that is arising at the intersection of two well-established disciplines….

“The Giant Black Elephant with White Tusks Stood in a Field of Green Grass”: Cognitive and brain mechanisms underlying aphantasia

The cognitive role of individual differences in imagery generation, the ability to visualize, is critical for human cognition, especially in language comprehension. Aphantasia, a recently identified spectrum of difficulties in visualizing mental images, has become increasingly known in research on cognitive processing. In collaboration with researchers from the University of Alabama, Lindamood-Bell has co-authored a…

Development of the Left Arcuate Fasciculus is Linked to Learning Gains in Reading, but not Math

This collaboration between Stanford University, Vanderbilt University, and the University of Washington continues exploring the dynamic relationship between white matter neuronal development and learning gains through a longitudinal lens. The study followed 101 students from the southern United States from first to fourth grade, tracking their reading and math scores along with brain scans that…

Reading intervention targeting phonemic awareness and symbol imagery in children with sickle cell disease

St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital implemented a summer reading clinic for children with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) using the Lindamood-Bell intervention. The results showed significant improvements in phonological and symbol imagery skills, suggesting the efficacy of the summer reading intervention for children with SCD. There are implications for extending this intervention to students with other…

Lindamood-Bell Intervention A Pathway to Enhanced Reading Skills in Pupils

  A systematic literature review and a meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of Lindamood-Bell intervention in improving the reading skills of elementary school students with diverse learning needs.  The literature consistently showed positive effects of the intervention on enhancing reading proficiency, with improvements in accuracy, decoding skills, comprehension, and overall academic performance. The intervention’s multi-cognitive sensory…

Socioeconomic dissociations in the neural and cognitive bases of reading disorders

Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) strongly predicts disparities in reading development, yet it is unknown  whether early environments also moderate the cognitive and neurobiological bases of reading disorders (RD)  such as dyslexia, the most prevalent learning disability. SES-diverse 6–9-year-old children (n = 155, half with  RD) completed behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tasks engaging…

Training Phonological Awareness with and without Explicit Attention to Articulation

Wise, B. W., Ring, J., & Olson, R. K. (1999). Training phonological awareness with and without explicit attention to articulation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 72, 271-304. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1999.2490 One hundred twenty-two second- to fifth-grade (7- to 11-year-old) children with reading difficulties studied phonological awareness with or without explicit attention to articulation and with or without…

Toward a Unified Theory of Reading

Sadoski, M., & Paivio, A. (2007). Toward a unified theory of reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 11(4), 337-356. doi: 10.1080/10888430701530714 Despite nearly 40 years of scientific theorizing about reading, the field remains fragmented with little progress toward unification. In this article, we (a) emphasize the privileged position of unified theories in all science, (b) compare…

Phonological Awareness Intervention: Comparison of Fast ForWord, Earobics, and LiPS

Pokorni, J. L., Worthington, C. K., & Jamison, P. J. (2004). Phonological awareness intervention: comp;arison of Fast ForWord, Earobics, and LiPS. The Journal of Educational Research, 93(3), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.97.3.147-158 Researchers have found that training in phonemic awareness (PA), a fundamental element for reading acquisition, is effective in varying degrees, depending on characteristics of the audience….

Reading intervention and neuroplasticity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of brain changes associated with reading intervention

Perdue, M. V., Mahaffy, K., Vlahcevic, K., Wolfman, E., Erbeli, F., Richlan, F., & Landi, N. (2021). Reading intervention and neuroplasticity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of brain changes associated with reading intervention. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 132 (2022), 465-494. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiorev.2021.11.011 Behavioral research supports the efficacy of intervention for reading disability, but the brain…

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View the workshop schedule and register today at the link in bio @lindamoodbellofficial.
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Join us as we celebrate the designation of our San Luis Obispo location as Lindamood-Bell's Flagship Learning Center, a hub for innovation, training, and demonstration that will help advance best practices across our more than 46 learning centers worldwide.

Grand Reopening & Ribbon Cutting
📅 Wednesday, July 22, 4:00 p.m.
📍 412 Higuera Street, San Luis Obispo, CA

Families, educators, and community members are invited to tour the learning center, meet Flagship Learning Center Director Emily Hoffman and our instructional team, and learn more about our evidence-based instruction for reading, comprehension, and math.

We'd love to celebrate with you! Learn more at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Every family's learning journey is unique, and we're honored to be part of Jessica's. ✨

Thank you for sharing how Lindamood-Bell Online Instruction has supported your children, Jessica. Stories like yours give hope to parents searching for answers.

Learn more about Lindamood-Bell learning center instruction, available in person or live online, at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
You're invited to celebrate with us!

Lindamood-Bell is proud to celebrate the designation of our San Luis Obispo location as our Flagship Learning Center with a special Open House & Ribbon Cutting. The center will serve as a hub for innovation, training, and demonstration, helping advance best practices across our more than 46 learning centers worldwide.

📅 Wednesday, July 22, 4:00 p.m.
📍 412 Higuera Street, San Luis Obispo, CA

Families, educators, and community members are invited to tour the learning center, meet Flagship Learning Center Director Emily Hoffman and our team, and learn more about Lindamood-Bell's evidence-based instruction for reading, comprehension, and math.

We look forward to welcoming the San Luis Obispo community as we celebrate this exciting new chapter. Learn more at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
🎉 Discover a Different Kind of School 🎉

At Lindamood-Bell Academy, students receive a full academic curriculum while strengthening the learning abilities behind reading, comprehension, and math.

Join us for Lindamood-Bell Academy Week, July 13–17, and experience our school firsthand.

✨ Special offer: Enroll by August 14, 2026 for the 2026–27 school year and receive 20% off one month of tuition.

Learn more at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Lindamood-Bell summer instruction boosts reading, comprehension, and math—in just a few weeks!
✅ One-to-one support
✅ In person or live online
✅ Evidence-based approach
Act now to save 10% on your first week of summer instruction!
Reserve your spot today. Follow the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Lindamood-Bell summer instruction boosts reading, comprehension, and math—in just a few weeks!
✅ One-to-one support
✅ In person or live online
✅ Evidence-based approach
Act now to save 10% on your first week of summer instruction!
Reserve your spot today. Follow the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Lindamood-Bell summer instruction boosts reading, comprehension, and math—in just a few weeks!
 ✅ One-to-one support
 ✅ In person or live online
 ✅ Evidence-based approach
Act now to save 10% on your first week of summer instruction! 
Reserve your spot today. Follow the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
🌟 Be a part of something amazing this summer! 
Our Learning Centers are hiring Seasonal Educational Clinicians/Tutors (In-Person). We’re looking for individuals who are passionate about education and helping students succeed. Join us as we help students of all ages read and comprehend to their potential. ✨ Paid training provided! Apply now through our Career Site: https://lindamoodbellcareers.silkroad.com/ or share with someone who would be a great fit for this role.
#LindamoodBell #NowHiring #EducationCareers #SummerJobs
As we celebrate Juneteenth, we take time to recognize an important moment in American history. Juneteenth commemorates June 19, 1865, when the last enslaved African Americans in Galveston, Texas, learned of their freedom—more than two years after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.

This day serves as both a celebration of freedom and a reminder of the ongoing pursuit of equality, justice, and opportunity for all. It invites us to reflect on our nation's history, acknowledge the resilience and contributions of Black Americans, and recommit ourselves to fostering understanding, inclusion, and respect within our communities.

We remember and honor all those who suffered from the tragedy of slavery.
To learn more, Tap the link in Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture's bio, @nmaach.
Introducing Learning That Changes Lives, our new webinar series exploring the research, instruction, and outcomes behind meaningful learning change.
Join us for the first session:
Four Weeks Can Change Everything: A Look at Real Student Outcomes
📅 June 25, 2026
⏰ 10 AM PT | 1 PM ET | 6 PM BST
Can intensive summer instruction really make a difference? We'll share what effective intervention looks like, why summer can be a powerful time for growth, and real student outcomes.
Register for free at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
🎧 New Podcast Episode 🎧
After her son was diagnosed with dyslexia, Jocelyn wondered if he would ever learn to read. With few answers and limited support, she turned to Lindamood-Bell for help.

Through intensive, sensory-cognitive instruction, her son gained the foundation he needed to succeed, and soon he was reading books on his own, including his favorite, Green Eggs and Ham 🤩 
Hear their inspiring story and learn how personalized instruction helped him become a confident reader.

🎙️ Listen to this episode and subscribe to Lindamood-Bell Radio at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial
🌟 Be a part of something amazing this summer! 
Our Learning Centers are hiring Seasonal Educational Clinicians/Tutors (In-Person). We’re looking for individuals who are passionate about education and helping students succeed. Join us as we help students of all ages read and comprehend to their potential. 
✨ Paid training provided! Apply today through our Career Site or share this role with someone who would be a great fit. Link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Our latest blog explores the growing conversation around screen time, technology, and cognitive development in children, and why human interaction remains essential for learning success. Drawing on research in literacy and brain development, as well as our experience working with students experiencing learning difficulties, we share our perspective on how one-to-one sensory-cognitive instruction helps students build confidence, re-engage in learning, and make academic progress. Read more at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
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